Which device involves arrangement of words or phrases to create a recognizable pattern or rhythm?

Meter is the correct choice, as it specifically refers to the structured pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. This rhythmic pattern creates a sense of flow and musicality in the verse. By establishing a specific meter, poets can evoke particular emotions, enhance the auditory quality of their work, and unify a poem through a consistent rhythm.

While rhyme scheme describes the pattern of rhymes at the end of lines, and stanza form refers to the layout and structure of stanzas themselves, they do not primarily focus on the rhythmic aspect of word arrangement. Alliteration, on the other hand, involves the repetition of initial consonant sounds in closely placed words, which can contribute to rhythm but is not the primary device for creating a recognizable rhythmic pattern. Thus, meter stands out as the device that encapsulates the arrangement of words and syllables for rhythmic impact in poetry.